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【科普中国繁星追梦】数学很枯燥？这位院士发现其中之美******

　　编者按：他们，是胸怀祖国、求真务实的科学家，奋斗在国家最需要的地方；他们，是人们眼中的学术“大神”，用超智慧的头脑，把论文写在祖国大地。他们，从学生时代走来，一步步成为了两院院士，引领着国家的科研发展。他们的青葱年代有哪些不为人知的故事？是否曾经也是“中二”少年？《科普中国繁星追梦》带你走进10位院士的璀璨人生。

　　本期嘉宾：彭实戈，中国科学院院士、山东大学数学学院教授、2020未来科学大奖-数学与计算机科学奖获奖者

　　天选数学人的自学之路

　　彭实戈: 那个时候主要是靠自己学。开始的时候，会遇到很多问题和困难，但现在想起来依然觉得是一段难忘的回忆。那时候号召知青下乡，我们下乡以后，在农活不忙时，我会每天抽出四五个小时来读高等数学。下乡的地方没有电，只能点油灯，在旧墨水瓶里倒上煤油，用棉花卷成卷塞进去，这样就有了一个小煤油灯，时间多晚也不怕，有时候一口气看书到12点，这样去学习学了差不多两年的时间。

　　对不起，老师已经教不了我了

　　彭实戈: 高考对我来说不是太难，我学到的知识远远超出高中的水平。我在山东大学的时候，就经常待在图书馆里，学生们的水平参差不齐，有很多非常强的人，但是大部分是数学基础还没打牢的人，上课的时候也需要照顾他们。当时我不去上课，自己去图书馆看书，对学校来说也是比较难办的。为难的点在于，我这种方式不知道算不算一种教学，好在当时强调教学改革，自己去学习，是不是也可以算是一种教学改革，当时也拿不准，所以学校也没禁止我不去上课。

　　“数学枯燥？我没觉得啊”

　　彭实戈: 大家都说数学是非常枯燥的，我没有这个感觉，我初中二年级以后就开始喜欢上几何学了。一般情况下，数学是以考试为驱动的，和以兴趣为驱动的完全不一样，真正学数学，是你得自己给自己出题，不是别人给你出题。

出品人

杨　谷

总监制

宋乐永

总策划

战　钊 宋雅娟

统筹|编导

宋雅娟 蔡　琳

文　案

蔡　琳谢　芸

摄　像

肖春芳

制　作

光明网科普事业部

联合出品

中国科协科普部、光明网、哔哩哔哩、未来科学大奖

中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

　　中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

　　资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

　　由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

　　麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

　　一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

　　此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

　　作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。

　　美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

　　这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。

　　从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

　　两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

　　House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

　　(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

　　The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

　　Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

　　On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

　　On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

　　Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

　　As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

　　But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

　　CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

　　This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

　　Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

　　From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

　　Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

　　The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

　　（文图：赵筱尘 巫邓炎）